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LIPUS Therapeutics

References:

LIPUS References: BONE

Claes L, Willie B, The enhancement of bone regeneration by ultrasound. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. (2007) Jan-Apr;93(1-3):384-98. Epub 2006 Aug 10. Review.

Handolin L, Partio EK, Arnala I, Pajarinen J, Pätiälä H, Rokkanen P. The effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on bone healing in SR-PLLA rod fixed experimental distal femur osteotomy in rat. J Mater Sci Mater Med. (2007) Jun;18(6):1239-45.

Epub 2007 Feb 3

Jingushi S, Mizuno K, Matsushita T, Itoman M, Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound treatment for postoperative delayed union or nonunion of long bone fractures. J Orthop Sci. (2007) Jan;12(1):35-41 Epub 2007 Jan 31

Li J, Waugh LJ, Hui SL, Burr DB, Warden SJ, Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have opposing effects during stress fracture repair. J Orthop Res. (2007) Jun 25; [Epub ahead of print]

Miłowska K, [Ultrasound--mechanisms of action and application in sonodynamic therapy]. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). (2007) Jun 1;61:338-49

O'Brien WD Jr, Ultrasound-biophysics mechanisms. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. (2007) Jan-Apr;93(1-3):212-55. Epub 2006 Aug 8

Rutten S, Nolte PA, Guit GL, Bouman DE, Albers GH, Use of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for posttraumatic nonunions of the tibia: a review of patients treated in the Netherlands. J Trauma. (2007) Apr;62(4):902-8

Takayama T, Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulates osteogenic differentiation in ROS 17/2.8 cells. Life Sci. (2007) Feb 13;80(10):965-71

Chan CW, et al., Dose-dependent effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on callus formation during rapid distraction osteogenesis. J Orthop Res. (2006) Nov;24(11):

2072-9

Chan CW, Qin L, Lee KM, et al., Low intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerated bone remodeling during consolidation stage of distraction osteogenesis. J Orthop Res. (2006), 14, pp. 263-270

Erdogan O, et al., Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on healing of mandibular fractures: an experimental study in rabbits. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. (2006) Feb;64 (2): 180-188

Gleizal A, Li S, Pialat JB, Beziat JL, Transcriptional expression of calvarial bone after treatment with low-intensity ultrasound: an in vitro study. Ultrasound Med Biol. (2006) Oct;32(10):1569-74

Jones CP, Coughlin MJ, Shurnas PS, Prospective CT scan evaluation of hindfoot nonunions treated with revision surgery and low-intensity ultrasound stimulation. Foot Ankle Int. 2006 Apr;27(4):229-35

Lirani-Galvao AP, Jorgetti V, da Silva OL, Comparative study of how low-level laser therapy and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound affect bone repair in rats. Photomed Laser Surg. (2006) Dec;24(6):735-40

Luthje P, Nurmi-Luthje I, Non-union of the clavicle and delayed union of the proximal fifth metatarsal treated with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in two soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. (2006) Sep;46(3):476-80

Malizos KN, et al., Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for bone healing: an overview. Injury. (2006) Apr;37 Suppl 1:S56-62. Epub 2006 Apr 3. Review.

Malizos KN, et al., Transosseous application of low-intensity ultrasound for the enhancement and monitoring of fracture healing process in a sheep osteotomy model. Bone. (2006) Apr;38(4):530-9. Epub 2005 Dec 20

Warden SJ, Fuchs RK, Kessler CK, Avin KG, Cardinal RE, Stewart RL, Ultrasound produced by a conventional therapeutic ultrasound unit accelerates fracture repair. Phys Ther. (2006) Aug;86(8):1118-27

Claes L, Rüter A, Mayr E, Low-intensity ultrasound enhances maturation of callus after segmental transport. Clin Orthop Relat Res. (2005) Jan;(430):189-94

Dudda M, Pommer A, Muhr G, Esenwein SA, [Application of low intensity, pulsed ultrasound on distraction osteogenesis of the humerus. Case report] Unfallchirurg. (2005) Jan;108(1):69-74

El-Mowafi H, Mohsen M., The effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on callus maturation in tibial distraction osteogenesis. Int Orthop. (2005) 29 pp. 121-124

Gebauer D, Correll J, Pulsed low-intensity ultrasound: a new salvage procedure for delayed unions and nonunions after leg lengthening in children. J Pediatr Orthop. (2005) Nov-Dec;25(6):750-4

Gebauer D, Mayr E, Orthner E, Rayby JP, Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound: effects on nonunions. Ultrasound Med Biol. (2005) Oct;31(10):1391-402

Gold SM, Wasserman R, Preliminary results of tibial bone transports with pulsed low intensity ultrasound (Exogen). J Orthop Trauma. (2005) Jan;19(1):10-6

Harle J, Mayia F, Olsen I, Salih V, Effects of ultrasound on transforming growth factor-beta genes in bone cells. Eur Cell Mater. (2005) Dec 5;10:70-6; discussion 76

Mukai S, Ito H, Nakagawa Y, Akiyama H, Miyamoto M, Nakamura T, Transforming growth factor-beta1 mediates the effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in chondrocytes. Ultrasound Med Biol. (2005) Dec;31(12):1713-21.

Parvizi J, Vegari D, Pulsed low-intensity ultrasound for fracture healing. Foot Ankle Clin. (2005) Dec;10(4):595-608, vii.

Stein H, Lerner A, How does pulsed low-intensity ultrasound enhance fracture healing? Orthopedics. (2005) Oct;28(10):1161-3. Review.

Dalecki D, Mechanical bioeffects of ultrasound. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. (2004);6:229-48

Esenwein SA, Dudda M, et al., [Efficiency of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on distraction osteogenesis in case of delayed callotasis -- clinical results] Zentralbl Chir. (2004) Oct;129(5):413-20

Fini M, et al., Current trends in the enhancement of biomaterial osteointegration: biophysical stimulation. Int J Artif Organs. (2004) Aug;27(8):681-90. Review.

Fujioka H, et al., Ultrasound treatment of nonunion of the hook of the hamate in sports activities. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. (2004) Mar;12(2):162-4.

Epub 2003 Sep 20

Giannini S, et al., Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in the treatment of traumatic hand fracture in an elite athlete. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. (2004) Dec;83(12):921-5

Hantes ME, Mavrodontidis AN, Zalavras CG, Karantanas AH, Karachalios T, Malizos KN, Low-intensity transosseous ultrasound accelerates osteotomy healing in a sheep fracture model. J Bone Joint Surg Am. (2004) Oct;86-A(10):2275-82

Lerner A, Stein H, Soudry M, Compound high-energy limb fractures with delayed union: our experience with adjuvant ultrasound stimulation (exogen). Ultrasonics. (2004) Apr;42(1-9):915-7

Leung KS, et al., Low intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulates osteogenic activity of human periosteal cells. Clin Orthop Relat Res. (2004) Jan;(418):253-9

Leung KS, Lee WS, Tsui HF, et al., Complex tibial fracture outcomes following treatment with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound.

Ultrasound Med Biol 30 (2004), pp. 389-395

Pigozzi F, et al., Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in the conservative treatment of pseudoarthrosis. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. (2004) Jun;44(2):173-8

Sakurakichi K, et al., Effects of timing of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on distraction osteogenesis. J Orthop Res. (2004) Mar;22(2):395-403

Tsumaki N, et al., Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates maturation of callus in patients treated with opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy by hemicallotasis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. (2004) Nov;86-A(11):2399-405

Anglen, J, The clinical use of bone stimulators. J South Orthop Assoc. (2003) 12(2):

46-54.

Mohtadi N, Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy for fracture healing: a meta-analysis. Clin J Sport Med. (2003) Mar;13(2):127

Naruse K, et al., Distinct anabolic response of osteoblast to low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. J Bone Miner Res. (2003) Feb;18(2):360-9

Okada K, et al., Congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia treated with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation (LIPUS). Ultrasound Med Biol. (2003) Jul;29(7):1061-4

Rawool, N. M., B. B. Goldberg, et al., Power Doppler assessment of vascular changes during fracture treatment with low-intensity ultrasound. J Ultrasound Med. (2003) 22(2): 145-53.

Warden SJ, A new direction for ultrasound therapy in sports medicine. Sports Med. (2003);33(2):95-107

Aynaci O, et al., The effect of ultrasound on the healing of muscle-pediculated bone graft in spinal fusion. Spine. (2002) Jul 15;27(14):1531-5.

Busse JW, Bhandari M, Kulkarni AV and Tunks E, The effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy on time to fracture healing: A meta-analysis, CMAJ 166 (2002), pp. 437–441

Chang, W. H., J. S. Sun, et al., Study of thermal effects of ultrasound stimulation on fracture healing. Bioelectromagnetics. (2002) 23(4): 256-63

El-Bialy TH, Royston TJ, Magin RL, Evans CA, Zaki Ael M and Frizzell LA, The effect of pulsed ultrasound on mandibular distraction, Ann Biomed Eng (2002) 30 pp. 1251–1261

Frankel VH, Mizuho K, Management of non-union with pulsed low-intensity ultrasound therapy--international results. Surg Technol Int. (2002) Sep;10:195-200. Review.

Gebauer GP, Lin SS, Beam HA, Vieira P and Parsons JR, Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound increases the fracture callus strength in diabetic BB Wistar rats but does not affect cellular proliferation, J Orthop Res (2002) 20 pp. 587–592

Handolin L, et al., The effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on bioabsorbable self-reinforced poly L-lactide screws. Biomaterials. (2002) Jul;23(13):2733-6

Heybeli N, et al., Diagnostic ultrasound treatment increases the bone fracture-healing rate in an internally fixed rat femoral osteotomy model. J Ultrasound Med. (2002) Dec;21(12):1327-33

Machen MS, et al., The effect of low intensity pulsed ultrasound on regenerate bone in a less-than-rigid biomechanical environment. Biomed Mater Eng. (2002);12(3):239-47

Mayr E, et al., [Is low intensity ultrasound effective in treatment of disorders of fracture healing?] Unfallchirurg. (2002) Feb;105(2):108-15

Tis JE, et al., The effect of low intensity pulsed ultrasound applied to rabbit tibiae during the consolidation phase of distraction osteogenesis. J Orthop Res. (2002) Jul;20(4):

793-800

Azuma Y, et al., Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates rat femoral fracture healing by acting on the various cellular reactions in the fracture callus. J Bone Miner Res. (2001) Apr;16(4):671-80

Cook SD, Salkeld SL, Patron LP, Ryaby JP and Whitecloud TS, Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound improves spinal fusion, Spine J (2001) 1 pp. 246–254

Harle J, et al., Effects of ultrasound on the growth and function of bone and periodontal ligament cells in vitro. Ultrasound Med Biol. (2001) Apr;27(4):579-86

Harle J, et al., Effects of therapeutic ultrasound on osteoblast gene expression. J Mater Sci Mater Med. (2001) Oct-Dec;12(10-12):1001-4

Mayr E, Laule A, Suger G, et al., Radiographic results of callus distraction aided by pulsed low-intensity ultrasound. J Orthop Trauma (2001) 15(6) pp. 407-414

Nolte PA, et al., Low-intensity ultrasound stimulates endochondral ossification in vitro. J Orthop Res. (2001) Mar;19(2):301-7

Nolte PA, van der Krans A, Patka P, Janssen IM, Rayby JP, Albers GH, Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in the treatment of nonunions. J Trauma (2001) Oct;51(4):693-702; discussion 702-3

Rubin C, Bolander M, Ryaby JP and Hadjiargyrou M, The use of low-intensity ultrasound to accelerate the healing of fractures, J Bone Joint Surg Am (2001) 83 pp. 259–270

Sun J, Hong R, Chang W, Chen L and Lin F, In vitro effects of low-intensity ultrasound stimulation on the bone cells, J Biomed Mater Res. (2001) 57 pp. 449–456

Takikawa S, et al., Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound initiates bone healing in rat nonunion fracture model. J Ultrasound Med. (2001) Mar; 20(3):197-205

Warden SJ, Favaloro JM, et al., Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulates a bone-forming response in UMR-106 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2001) Aug 24;286(3):443-50

Yang KH and Park SJ, Stimulation of fracture healing in a canine ulna full-defect model by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound, Yonsei Med J. (2001) 42 pp. 503–508

Fujioka H, et al., Treatment of ununited fracture of the hook of hamate by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound: a case report. J Hand Surg [Am]. (2000) Jan;25(1):77-9

Mayr E, Frankel V, Ruter A, Ultrasound--an alternative healing method for nonunions? Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. (2000), 120(1-2):1-8

Shimazaki A, Inui K, Azuma Y, et al., Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates bone maturation in distraction osteogenesis in rabbits. J Bone Joint Surg Br. (2000) 82 pp. 1077-1082

Warden SJ, et al., Acceleration of fresh fracture repair using the sonic accelerated fracture healing system (SAFHS): a review. Calcif Tissue Int. (2000) Feb;66(2):157-63

Sun JS, Tsuang YH, Lin FH, et al., Bone defect healing enhanced by ultrasound stimulation: an in vitro tissue culture model. J Biomed Materials Res. (1999) 46(2) pp. 253-261

Hadjiargyrou M, McLeod K, Ryaby JP, Rubin C, Enhancement of fracture healing by low intensity ultrasound. Clin Orthop Relat Res. (1998) Oct;(355 Suppl):S216-29

Cook SD, Ryaby JP, McCabe J, Frey JJ, Heckman JD and Kristiansen TK, Acceleration of tibia and distal radius fracture healing in patients who smoke, Clin Orthop. (1997), pp. 198–207

Kristiansen TK, Ryaby JP, McCabe J, Frey JJ and Roe LR, Accelerated healing of distal radial fractures with the use of specific, low-intensity ultrasound: A multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, J Bone Joint Surg Am. (1997) 79 pp. 961–973

Reher P, et al., The stimulation of bone formation in vitro by therapeutic ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol. (1997);23(8):1251-8

Yang KH, Parvizi J, Wang SJ, et al., Exposure to low-intensity ultrasound increases aggrecan gene expression in a rat femur fracture model. J Orthop Res. (1996) 14 pp. 802-809

Heckman JD, Ryaby JP, McCabe J, et al., Acceleration of tibial fracture-healing by non-invasive, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. J Bone Joint Surg Am. (1994) 76 pp. 26-34

Wang SJ, Lewallen DG and Bolander M, Low intensity ultrasound treatment increases strength in a rat femoral fracture model, J Orthop Res. (1994) 12 pp. 40–47

Tsai CL, Chang WH, Liu TK, Preliminary studies of duration and intensity of ultrasonic treatments on fracture repair. Chin J Physiol. (1992);35(1):21-6

Tsai CL, Chang WH, Liu TK, Song GM, Ultrasonic effect on fracture repair and prostaglandin E2 production. Chin J Physiol. (1992);35(1):27-34

Tsai CL, Chang WH, Liu TK, Song GM, Ultrasound can affect bone healing both locally and systemically. Chin J Physiol. (1991);34(2):213-22

Pilla AA, Mont MA, Nasser PR, et al., Non-invasive low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates bone healing in the rabbit. J Orthop Trauma. (1990) 4 pp. 246-253

Duarte LR, The stimulation of bone growth by ultrasound, Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. (1983) 101 pp. 153–159

LIPUS References: Soft Tissue

Byuong-Hyun Min, et al., Low Intensity Ultrasound as a Supporter of Cartilage Regeneration and Its Engineering. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering (2007), 12: 22-31

Lee HJ, Choi BH, Min BH, Park SR, Low-intensity ultrasound inhibits apoptosis and enhances viability of human mesenchymal stem cells in three-dimensional alginate culture during chondrogenic differentiation. Tissue Eng. (2007) May;13(5):1049-57

Miłowska K, [Ultrasound--mechanisms of action and application in sonodynamic therapy] Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). (2007) Jun 1;61:338-49

Noriega S., et al., Intermittent Applications of Continuous Ultrasound on the Viability, Proliferation, Morphology, and Matrix Production of Chondrocytes in 3D Matrices. Tissue Eng. (2007) Mar;13(3):611-8

O'Brien WD Jr., Ultrasound-biophysics mechanisms. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. (2007) Jan-Apr;93(1-3):212-55. Epub 2006 Aug 8

Walsh WR, Stephens P, Vizesi F, Bruce W, Huckle J, Yu Y, Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on tendon-bone healing in an intra-articular sheep knee model. Arthroscopy. (2007) Feb;23(2):197-204

Choi BH, Woo JI, Min BH, Park SR, Low-intensity ultrasound stimulates the viability and matrix gene expression of human articular chondrocytes in alginate bead culture. J Biomed Mater Res A. (2006) Dec 15;79(4):858-64

Ikeda K, et al., Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on the differentiation of C2C12 cells. Life Sci. (2006) Oct 12;79(20):1936-43. Epub 2006 Jun 23

Iwashina T, et al., Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulates cell proliferation and proteoglycan production in rabbit intervertebral disc cells cultured in alginate. Biomaterials. (2006) Jan;27(3):354-61

Lee HJ, et al., Low-intensity ultrasound stimulation enhances chondrogenic differentiation in alginate culture of mesenchymal stem cells. Artif Organs. (2006) Sep;30(9):707-15

Leung MC, Ng GY, Yipp KK, Therapeutic ultrasound enhances medial collateral ligament repair in rats. Ultrasound Med Biol. (2006) Mar;32(3):449-52

Lu H, et al., Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates bone-tendon junction healing: a partial patellectomy model in rabbits. Am J Sports Med. (2006) Aug;34(8):1287-96

Qin L, et al., Low intensity pulsed ultrasound increases the matrix hardness of the healing tissues at bone-tendon insertion-a partial patellectomy model in rabbits. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). (2006) May;21(4):387-94

Qin L, et al., Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates osteogenesis at bone-tendon healing junction. Ultrasound Med Biol. (2006) Dec;32(12):1905-11

Schumann D, et al., Treatment of human mesenchymal stem cells with pulsed low intensity ultrasound enhances the chondrogenic phenotype in vitro. Biorheology. (2006) 43(3-4):431-43.

Yeung CK, Guo X, Ng YF, Pulsed ultrasound treatment accelerates the repair of Achilles tendon rupture in rats. J Orthop Res. (2006) Feb;24(2):193-201

Warden S.J., et al., Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug delays knee ligament healing. Am J Sports Med. (2006) Jul;34(7):

1094-102

Chang CJ, Hsu SH, Lin FT, Chang H, Chang CS, Low-intensity-ultrasound-accelerated nerve regeneration using cell-seeded poly(D,L-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) conduits: an in vivo and in vitro study. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. (2005) Oct;75(1):99-107

Iwabuchi S, et al., In vitro evaluation of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in herniated disc resorption. Biomaterials. (2005) Dec;26(34):7104-14

Jia XL, et al., Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in repairing injured articular cartilage. Chin J Traumatol. (2005) Jun;8(3):175-8

Miyamoto K, et al., Exposure to pulsed low intensity ultrasound stimulates extracellular matrix metabolism of bovine intervertebral disc cells cultured in alginate beads. Spine. (2005) Nov 1;30(21):2398-405

Mukai S, et al., Transforming growth factor-beta1 mediates the effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in chondrocytes. Ultrasound Med Biol. (2005) Dec;31(12):1713-21

Sena K, et al., Early gene response to low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in rat osteoblastic cells. Ultrasound Med Biol. (2005) May;31(5):703-8

Sparrow KJ, et al., The effects of low-intensity ultrasound on medial collateral ligament healing in the rabbit model. Am J Sports Med. (2005) Jul;33(7):1048-56

Dalecki D, Mechanical bioeffects of ultrasound. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. (2004);6:229-48

Korstjens CM, et al., Stimulation of bone cell differentiation by low-intensity ultrasound--a histomorphometric in vitro study. J Orthop Res. (2004) May;22(3):495-500

Saito M, Soshi S, Tanaka T, Fujii K, Intensity-related differences in collagen post-translational modification in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts after exposure to low- and high-intensity pulsed ultrasound. Bone. (2004) Sep;35(3):644-55

Saito M, Fujii K, Tanaka T, Soshi S, Effect of low- and high-intensity pulsed ultrasound on collagen post-translational modifications in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Calcif Tissue Int. (2004) Nov;75(5):384-95. Epub 2004 Jul 13

Zhou S, et al., Molecular mechanisms of low intensity pulsed ultrasound in human skin fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. (2004) Dec 24;279(52):54463-9

Vicenti FA, et al., Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on wound healing in corneas of dogs following keratoplasty. Vet Ophthalmol. (2003) Sep;6(3):255-63

Zhang ZJ, Huckle J, Francomano CA, Spencer RG, The effects of pulsed low-intensity ultrasound on chondrocyte viability, proliferation, gene expression and matrix production. Ultrasound Med Biol. (2003) Nov;29(11):1645-51

Crisci AR, Ferreira AL, Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates the regeneration of the sciatic nerve after neurotomy in rats. Ultrasound Med Biol. (2002) Oct;28(10):

1335-41

Johns LD, Nonthermal Effects of Therapeutic Ultrasound: The Frequency Resonance Hypothesis. J Athl Train. (2002) Jul;37(3):293-299

Nishikori T, et al., Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on proliferation and chondroitin sulfate synthesis of cultured chondrocytes embedded in Atelocollagen gel. J Biomed Mater Res. (2002) Feb;59(2):201-6.

Takakura Y. and Matsui N., Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound enhances early healing of medial collateral ligament injuries in rats, J Ultrasound Med. (2002) 21 pp. 283–288

Zhang ZJ, et al., The influence of pulsed low-intensity ultrasound on matrix production of chondrocytes at different stages of differentiation: an explant study. Ultrasound Med Biol. (2002) Nov-Dec;28(11-12):1547-53

Cook SD, et al., Improved cartilage repair after treatment with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. Clin Orthop Relat Res. (2001) Oct;(391 Suppl):S231-43

Naruse K, et al., Anabolic response of mouse bone-marrow-derived stromal cell clone ST2 cells to low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2000) Feb 5;268(1):216-20

Doan N., Reher P., Meghji S. and Harris M., In vitro effects of therapeutic ultrasound on cell proliferation, protein synthesis, and cytokine production by human fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and monocytes, J Oral Maxillofac Surg. (1999) 57 pp. 409–419

Kokubu T, et al., Low intensity pulsed ultrasound exposure increases prostaglandin E2 production via the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in mouse osteoblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (1999) Mar 16;256(2):284-7

Parvizi J, Wu CC, Lewallen DG, et al., Low-intensity ultrasound stimulates proteoglycan synthesis rat chondrocytes by increasing aggrecan gene expression. J Orthop Res. (1999) 17: 488-494

Wiltink A, et al., Effect of therapeutic ultrasound on endochondral ossification. Ultrasound Med Biol. (1995);21(1):121-7

Rogers G.J., Milthorpe B.K., Muratore A. and Schindhelm K., Measurement of the mechanical properties of the ovine anterior cruciate ligament bone–ligament–bone complex: A basis for prosthetic evaluation, Biomaterials. (1990) 11 pp. 89–96

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